Yes, because these are two different heads of Zakat.
1) Zakat on Production or Earning (i.e. Salary at 10%)
2) Zakat on Wealth/Savings (Zakat at 2.5% of year-end wealth)
Consider following example, which will simplify the concept for you:
You received Salary of $100 every month for 12 months = $1200 yearly, the zakat due on this is $10 per monthly salary (at 10%) or $120 Yearly (assuming that total yearly Salary is above Nisab because amount of production/earning/wealth below Nisab is exempt from Zakat). You paid $150 in government taxes related to Salary for the whole year.
Now come year-end (which is one date in the year fixed by you for calculation of Zakat on wealth), your Zakat on wealth comes out to be $200 (at 2.5%). You paid other government taxes of $200 throughout the year.
Your gross Zakat obligation = 120+200 = $320
Total paid in taxes= 150+200 = $350
Net Zakat obligation = 320-350 = negative $30
In this scenario, you have paid more in taxes than your zakat obligation, hence you are not required to pay any Zakat this year. You can carry forward this $30 of more taxes paid this year for adjustment against Zakat obligation of next year.