The verse you are referring to is 14: 7
وَإِذْ تَأَذَّنَ رَبُّكُمْ لَئِن شَكَرْتُمْ لَأَزِيدَنَّكُمْ ۖ وَلَئِن كَفَرْتُمْ إِنَّ عَذَابِي لَشَدِيدٌ
And remember when your Lord warned you: “If you are grateful, I shall surely give you more and if you are ungrateful, My punishment is very severe as well
This is about an exclusive law, the covenant of God with the Bani Israel.
As far as general law is concerned, it is same for all. If a nations qualifies for a prosperity, they will get it. See the following verse:
وَإِذْ قَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ رَبِّ اجْعَلْ هَٰذَا بَلَدًا آمِنًا وَارْزُقْ أَهْلَهُ مِنَ الثَّمَرَاتِ مَنْ آمَنَ مِنْهُم بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ ۖ قَالَ وَمَن كَفَرَ فَأُمَتِّعُهُ قَلِيلًا ثُمَّ أَضْطَرُّهُ إِلَىٰ عَذَابِ النَّارِ ۖ وَبِئْسَ الْمَصِيرُ
And recall, when Abraham prayed: “Lord! Make this city a secure one and bestow on those of them who believe in God and in the Last Day, the livelihood of produce.” [God] said: “As for those who are rejecters, I let them also benefit from [these things] awhile, and then shall summon them to the scourge of the Fire; and it is a very evil abode.”